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O'ZBEK TILI * UZBEK LANGUAGE ***
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PART II ***
Words to memorize:
o’lka – country; province
yurt – homeland, people
mamlakat – country, state
davlat – state
Vatan – fatherland
yurtboshi – head of state
poytaxt – capital (city)
markaz – center
mavze – district
mahalla – district,
neighbourhood
tuman – administrative
district; fog
manzil – address
ahîli –
population, inhabitants
hokim – mayor, governor
ko'prik – bridge
bozor – market
bekat – station
bino – building
qavat – floor; layer
deraza – window
darvoza – gate
qo'shni – neighbour
tashqari – outside, exterior
sayr – walk, stroll
qadam – step
birlashgan – united
millatlar – nation
tashkilot – organization
Birlashgan Millatlar
Tashkiloti – United Nations Organization
Confusion with affixes
1.
Affix –di
It is used in two cases: in
the 3rd person of the present-future and in all three persons of the obvious
past.
It must be remembered that in
the present-future it is used only in the 3rd person, where it is preceded by
the affix -a or –y.
Examples:
U ikki soatdan keyin uyg'onadi
– He will wake up in two hours (Present-Future)
U osmonga qaraydi – He looks
at the sky (Present-Future)
Men buni xohlamadim – I Didn't
Want That (Definite Past)
Siz uxladingiz – You were
sleeping (Definite Past)
U hamma narsani ko'rdi – He
saw everything (Definite Past)
In the Present Continuous –di
turns into –ti:
Hozir yomg'ir yog'yapti – It's
raining now.
2.
Most of the confusion arises with the affixes -(i)ng, -(i)ngiz, -ning
There may be 4 reasons for
their use.
The first is the
imperative-subjunctive mood, the 2nd person, the polite form (-(i)ng) or the
plural (-(i)ngiz).
The second is the possessive affix,
the 2nd person, –(i)ng and -(i)ngiz.
The third is the personal
ending (group II), the 2nd person, -di+ng or –di+ngiz.
The fourth is the affix of
possessive case -ning.
Examples:
Uyga qayting – Come back
home (imperative, polite form)
Uyga qaytingiz – Come back
home (imperative, plural or very polite form)
Siz qachon keldingiz? – When
did you come? (past tense, that is –di + affix of group II)
sening ko'zing – your eye (affix
of possessive case and possessive affix)
sizning chelakingiz – your
bucket (affix of possessive case and possessive affix)
bolangiz – your child (possessive
affix)
uning bolasi – his child (affix
of possessive case)
3.
Affix -siz
It can be either the personal
ending (group I) of the 2nd person plural, or the affix of negation.
Examples:
Siz hozir va kelajak haqida
o'ylayapsiz – You are thinking about the present and the future
U bolasiz – He is childless.
4.
Affix -miz
This is either an affix of belonging,
or a personal ending (group I) of the 1st person of the plural.
Examples:
Ertaga biz daryoga boramiz –
Tomorrow we will go to the river
Bolamiz bilan kim o'ynayapti?
– Who is playing with our child?
We will use the terms:
"the personal ending of group I" is like, for example, in the
Present-Future tense; "personal
ending of group II" - as in the Definite Past tense.
chap, o'ng, to'g'ri
o'ng – right
o'ng qo’l – right hand
o'ngda OR o'ng qo’l tomonda –
on the right
o'ngdan – from the right
o’ngga èëè o’ng qo’lga – to
the right
chap – left
chapda – on the left
chapdan – from the left
chapga – to the left
to'g'ri – straight; right,
true, correct; honest
to'g'rida – about
Ishlar
to'g'rida gapiraylik – Let's talk about business
to'g'ridan-to'g'ri – directly
about something
to'g'riga – straight to
qarab - ïî íàïðàâëåíèþ ê ...
qarab – towards …
This word is derived from qaramoq (to look).
Examples:
Shunday matnlar chapdan o’ngga qarab yoziladi –
Such texts are written from left to right
Katta binoga qarab boring – Go towards the big
building
U ko’chaning o’rtasida turib, binoga qarab turdi
– He stood in the middle of the street and looked at the building
Metals
metall – metal
qora metallar – ferrous metals
rangli metallar – non-ferrous metals
asl metallar – noble metals (asl
- root, basis, essence)
temir – iron
tunuka – sheet iron
oq tunuka – tinned iron
ruh tunuka – zinc plated iron
po'lat – steel
zanglamaydigan po'lat – stainless steel (zang
- corrosion, zanglamoq – to corrode)
mis – copper
birinj – bronze
jez – brass
qalay – tin
qo'rg'oshin – lead
ruh – zinc; spirits, mood, spirit
simob – mercury
oltin, tilla, zar – gold
kumush – silver
qotishma – alloy
mis bilan rux
qotishmasi – copper-zinc alloy
zirh – armour
ruda – ore
Simplified use of compound verbs with "-ol"
Previously, we analyzed that in order to say
about the ability or willingness to do something, compound verbs with the
relevant verb form "olmoq" are used:
Men buni qila olaman – I can do it
Men buni qila olmayman – I cann’t do it
In
spoken Uzbek, the present gerundive suffix -A is dropped and the two components
are pronounced as a single verb.
This is not the case for the suffix -Y in verbs
ending with a vowel.
Examples:
kelolaman – I can come
kelolmaydi – He can't come
Men borolmayman – I can't go
Iltimosingizni bajarolmaymiz – We cannot fulfill
your request
Man nima ham qilolaman? – What else can I do?
Words to memorize:
baliq – fish
ov – hunting; baliq ovi – fishing
qush – bird
suv – water
havo – air
soy – stream
soya – shade
soyabon – umbrella
daraxt – tree
daraxtzor – wooded area, wood
o'rmon –
wood
terak – poplar; oq terak – white poplar
o'smoq – to grow
pishmoq – to cook, to bake; to ripen
… iborat – consisting of ...
kasb – craft, profession
hunar – skill, craft, handicraft
ko'tarmoq – to lift, to raise; to carry; to bear
kutmoq – to wait
Uzbek words similar to words in Germanic languages
Part I
There are many words in the Germanic languages
that sound like modified Turkic ones.
I think the reason for this is the origin of the
Germanic languages. I hint: the Germans came to Europe from the east.
You can also pay attention to the fact that the
Germanic runes are suspiciously similar to the Turkic ones.
men (eng. “I”) ~ me
mening, meniki = my, mine
demoq = to tell
menga degin = tell me
yil = year
bir yil oldin (eng. “a year ago”) ~ one year old
tish = tooth
so'ylamoq = to say
idish = dish
o'rdak = duck
yer = earth, ground (eng.), erde (germ.); ~ yard
(eng.), yeomen (eng.)
Compound words to memorize – 3:
yo'l - road
yo'l-yo'l - striped, stripy
kul - ash
kul-kul - into smithereens
qul - slave
qul-qul - turkey hen
xil - sort
xil-xil - varied, manifold
xol - birthmark, mole
xol-xol – spotty
chil - partridge; forty (from Farsi)
chil-chil - into smithereens
shol - shawl, woollens
shol-shol - to feel very unwell, to feel
weakness, pain all over the body
Confusion – 1
javob – answer
javon – cupboard
janob – master
janub – south
shamol – winter
shimol – north
soy – stream
soya – shadow
mavzu – theme
mavze – district
to'qimoq – to weave, to spin
to'qmoq – wooden hammer, maul
so'qmoq – footpath
echki – goat
ichki – inner
o’tkazmoq – to conduct
o’tqazmoq – to
offer a seat, to make sit down
chekka – outermost
chakka – temple
er – husband
yer – earth
o'smoq – to grow up
o'tmoq – to pass through
…yil ilgari, …yil oldin – «… years ago»
Indication of time is used with the affix “-dan”
(“yildan”, “oydan”, …), if we do not indicate an exact moment in the past, but
a certain reference point, for example: “more (less) … years ago”.
Examples:
hammasi ikki oy ilgari boshlangan – it all
started two months ago
yuz yil oldin bizda mashinalar yo'q edi – a
hundred years ago we didn't have cars
50 yildan ko'proq vaqt oldin – more than 50 years
ago
ko'p yillar oldin – many years ago (there
is no specific number - use the affix "lar")
bir necha yillar ilgari bolib otgan voqea – it
happened a few years ago (bir necha -
a few)
… yildan so’ng, … yildan keyin – «after ... years»
Examples:
U bir necha soatdan keyin qaytib keladi – He will
be back in a few hours
O‘n yildan so'ng bu yerda bog‘ bo‘ladi – In ten
years there will be a garden here
ortiq,
oshiq – exceeding, more than
Men u bilan 20 yildan ortiq tanishman – I have
known him (her) for over 20 years
Words to memorize:
doim - always
ba'zan - sometimes
har - each, every, all
har doim - always, all the time
hargiz — not ever
Compound verbs with «-olmay» è «-olmas»
Earlier we considered verbs with “-ol”. Adding
“-olmay” to the verb root means that it is impossible to perform any action:
Men borolmayman – I can't go
Men o'zimdan qochib ketolmayman – I can't run
away from myself
But most often the negative form is used – olmas
= ol+mas. It means:: «I (probably) can't do it». The affix ”mas" is a
negative affix of the Future Presumptive time.
Examples:
Balki Jahongir mirzo Boburga qarshi borolmas? –
But will Jahangir dare to go against Babur?
Qucholmasman men seni hargiz. – I could never hug
you.
Pluperfect tense
This tense is used to convey an action in the
past that was committed up to some point, also related to the past.
It corresponds to the English tenses Past Perfect
or Past Simple.
This tense is formed by adding to the verb stem
the suffix -gan, followed by the past copula edi, plus the possessive type of
personal endings.
kutgan edim – I had waited
kutgan eding – you had waited
kutgan edi – he/she/it had waited
kutgan edik – we had waited
kutgan edingiz – you had waited
kutgan edilar – they had waited
Examples:
U meni ko'rgan edi – He had seen me
Qo’llarini ko’targan edi, bo’yi yetmadi – He
raised his hands, but did not reach
Negation is formed either with the -ma affix or
with the word emas:
O’sha vaqtga kelib men hali o'qishni tugatmagan
edim – By that time I had not yet finished my studies
OR:
… men hali o'qishni tugatgan emas edim
In spoken Uzbek, an abbreviated form is used,
where the first vowels e- of emas and edi are dropped, and both copula written
together:
… men hali o'qishni tugatganmasdim
There are cities with such names in Central Asia...
ostona – threshold, entrance, dogtrot
qaraganda – compared to, in relation to
Ikkinchi
tomoni uzunligi unga qaraganda 75% ga qisqa – The length of the other side is
75% shorter than this one
qarshi – opposed to, against
osh – hot food, pilaf
qunduz – otter, beaver, any kind of fur
Abu Ali ibn Sino (Avicenna):
Agar havoda chang va tutun bo’lmaganda edi, kishi
ming yil yashagan bo’lar edi – If there were no dust and smoke in the air, a
man would live for a thousand years.
Tools
asbob – tool, instrument
kesuvchi asbob – cutting tool
bolg'a – hammer
to'qmoq – mallet, wooden hammer
o'roq – sickle
bel o'roq – scythe (bel –
lower back)
egov – file
qisqich – forceps, pliers
arra – saw
dastarra – hand saw, hacksaw (dast
- hand (obsolete, Farsi))
qo'larra – hand saw, hacksaw
gira – vise
iskanja – press, vise
taxtakach – wooden press consisting of two
planks; splint of 2 boards
qolip – form, mold
parma – drill, borer, bitbrace
teshgich – punch stamp
iskana – chisel
moslama – appliance, gadget
dastgoh – machine, lathe, press, loom, etc.
Using the affix –(i)sh
This affix has the form –ish after a consonant and the form –sh after a vowel.
It is used in two different cases:
1.
For the formation of a verbal noun.
qarash – sight, point of view – from the verb qaramoq
o’qish – reading; studying – from the verb o’qimoq
yurish – walking, motion – from the verb yurmoq
Sentences with verbal nouns in most cases are
translated as verbs.
A verbal noun is often used:
- in combination with the words kerak, lozim, zarur, shart, darkor, mumkin;
- in combination with the postposition uchun;
- in the dative case.
shuning uchun odamlarga yordam berish kerak – that's why people need to be helped
Ingliz tilini o’rganish uchun kitoblar – books for learning English
U ishdan keyin uyga borish o`rniga ko`chalarni darbadar kezardi – Instead of going home after work, he wandered the
streets
chet tillarni bilish hamma uchun foydalidir – knowledge of foreign languages is useful for everyone
In the negative
form of the verbal noun, we add the affix -maslik:
u erga bormaslik
yaxshiroqdir – it's better not to go
there
2.
To express a joint action.
This form is very often used in the 3rd person
plural instead of di + lar. For example:
Ular kulishdi – They were laughing
Ular yaqin orada yana ko'rishadi – They'll see
each other again soon
Homonyms
uch
- three
- end, tip; spike; peak
- (uchmoq) to fly
qalay
- tin
- how?
tuz
- salt
- (tuzmoq) – to compose; to form; to organize
ot
- horse
- name; (grammar.)
noun
tur
- kind, type, sort
- (turmoq) to stand, to get up
ich
- interior
- (ichmoq) to drink
yoz
- summer
- (yozmoq) to write
qozon
- cauldron
- (qozonmoq) to achieve, to earn
kir
- dirt
- (kirmoq) to enter
qo’y
- sheep, ram
- (qo’ymoq) to put, to place; to stop, to refuse;
to put aside; as a compound verb is used to indicate the completion of an
action: so'rab qo'ydi – he asked
kech
- evening
- (kechmoq) to cross (across the river, sand,
snow, ...)
ruh
- zinc
- spirit